Bohairic Coptic
Bohairic is a dialect of Coptic attested in Gospel manuscripts, saints’ lives, and liturgical texts, including the Anaphora of Saint Cyril.[^1][^2][^3]
Also known as: Bohairic · B
Language and vocabulary
Bohairic is a dialect of Coptic, designated B in linguistic comparisons. Together with Akhmimic, it preserves a somewhat richer inventory of phonemes than several other Coptic dialects; both retain /x/ from pharaonic Egyptian, a sound lost in classical Sahidic and Lyco(Dios)politan.1
One example of its vocabulary is abba, corresponding to Sahidic apa and cognate with Greek abbas or abba. The term means “father” and is applied in ancient monastic sources to a monk regarded as a spiritual father.4
Biblical manuscripts
Bohairic Gospel manuscripts include Coptic Museum Bible 92, copied by the thirteenth-century priest Sim‘an ibn Abi Nasr al-Tamada’i. The manuscript contains the four Gospels and is decorated in black, red, and gold.2
Bohairic also appears alongside Arabic in bilingual manuscripts. Vatican Library Coptic 8, dated 2 June 1587, contains the four Gospels in Bohairic Coptic and Arabic and was copied by Arghadiyus, or Arcadius ibn Yuhanna, on commission from al-‘Alam Salib al-Ibnasi.5
Religious literature
Bohairic preserves versions of saints’ lives and homilies. A Bohairic version of the Life of Pisentius is attributed to Moses of Qift, while a Sahidic version is attributed to John the Presbyter.6 A homily on Abraham associated with Amphilochius of Iconium survives only in Bohairic Coptic, in a tenth-century codex of Saint Macarius, Vatican Coptic 61.7
Differences between Bohairic and Sahidic versions can concern content as well as language. In the Encomium of Peter the Alexandrian attributed to Alexander, the two redactions are broadly similar, but the Bohairic version omits the martyrdom and posthumous miracles.8
Liturgical texts
The surviving witnesses to the present Coptic text of the Anaphora of Saint Cyril are in Bohairic, and none is earlier than the twelfth century. Earlier fragments of the Egyptian anaphora survive in Greek and Sahidic, but it remains uncertain whether the Bohairic version was translated directly from Greek or through a Sahidic intermediary.3
Printing and study
In 1659, T. Petraeus published Psalm 1 in Bohairic Coptic with phonetic Latin characters.9 The Coptic Clerical College subsequently published a complete and authorized Bohairic-Coptic Bible, one of the college’s major achievements.10
References
Sources
- 1.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 8 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 421)
At most, by comparing the idioms of Coptic with each other, one finds that some, particularly Akhmimic (A) and Bohairic (B), have a phonemic inventory slightly richer than certain others, such as Sahidic (S), Lyco(Dios)politan (L), Mesokemic (M), crypto-Mesokemic (W), South Fayyumic (V), and Fayyumic (F). For example, A and B have retained phonemes such as /x/ from pharaonic Egyptian, which classical S and L have lost.
- 2.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 7 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 271)
SIMAN IBN ABI NASR AL-TAMADA’I, thirteenth-century copier of a manuscript now in the Coptic Museum, Cairo. It is a text of the four Gospels in Bohairic Coptic, beautifully decorated in black, red, and gold, with numerous miniature letters of pharaonic inspiration. The manuscript (Bible 92) contains 327 large-format sheets (34 x 25 cm), with twenty-three lines to the page. The first two sheets are missing. The colophon (fol. 327b) gives some interesting information, which is translated in Horner (p. 104). Sim‘an was a priest from Tamada.
- 3.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 314)
Although both the Coptic Saint Cyril and the Greek Saint Mark contain textual variants peculiar to the one or to the other, both seem to be derived from the same recension of the old Egyptian anaphora, whose earliest textual witnesses are fragments in Greek. A few Coptic fragments in the Sahidic dialect have also been found. The extant witnesses to the text of the present Coptic Saint Cyril, none of them earlier than the twelfth century, are in the Bohairic dialect, but a Greek text apparently meant for occasional use in the Coptic church survives in a few manuscripts, one of which has been pu
- 4.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 6)
In the ancient monastic sources (APOPHTHEGMATA PATRUM, HISTORIA MONACHORUM IN AEGYPTO, PALLADIUS Historia Lausiaca, etc.), the name of a monk is generally preceded by the Greek word abbas or abba, the cognate of the Coptic apa (Sahidic) or abba (Bohairic), the Arabic aba or anba. This is clearly the Aramaic and Syriac ab in its emphatic state, abba, "father." (It is also attested, less frequently, in the feminine, in the form ammas or amma, corresponding to the Syriac ‘em, ‘emma, "mother.") The term is applied to the monk considered as a spiritual father, because endowed with charismata, as is
- 5.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 209)
The Vatican manuscript (Vatican Library, Coptic 8), dated 28 Bashans 1303/2 June 1587, comprises 353 folios (33 24 cm), containing the four Gospels in Bohairic Coptic and Arabic; the version is the Egyptian Vulgate, copied by Arghadiyus or Arcadius ibn Yuhanna, on commission from al-‘Alam.
- 6.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 5 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 43)
De L. O'Leary (1930) identifies four versions: one in Sahidic Coptic, attributed to John the Presbyter; one in Bohairic Coptic, attributed to MOSES OF QIFT; and two in Arabic, one shorter than the other.
- 7.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 296)
One of the homilies has been handed down only in Bohairic Coptic. It is preserved in a tenth-century codex of Saint MACARIUS (Vatican Coptic 61, fols. 194r-209v). The text of this homily on Abraham has been edited by L. van Rompay (Datema, 1978, pp. 269-307).
- 8.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 220)
Coptic literature does attribute to Alexander an Encomium of Peter the Alexandrian, known in five codices: VC62.10 (Bohairic, ninth century), VC62.8 (Bohairic, two fragments, ninth century), and three fragmentary codices from the WHITE MONASTERY (ed. Orlandi, 1970). ... Except for a few minor variations, the Sahidic and Bohairic redactions are similar, save that the Bohairic version has excluded the martyrdom and posthumous miracles.
- 9.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 2 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 713)
In 1659, T. Petraeus published Psalm 1 in Bohairic Coptic supplemented by phonetic Latin characters under the title Psalmus Primus Davidis, Coptice, Arabice et Latine (London, 1659).
- 10.The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 2 — Aziz S. Atiya (Editor in Chief) (p. 599)
One of the greater achievements of the College was the publication of the complete and authorized Bohairic-Coptic text of the Bible, in addition to other publications, including the liturgies.
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